Global Infrastructure, Availability Zones, and Regions

Global infrastructure

Amazon Web Services (AWS) operates a vast global infrastructure comprised of data centers, networking facilities, and edge locations strategically positioned around the world. This infrastructure forms the backbone of AWS services, enabling businesses and organizations to leverage cloud computing resources reliably and efficiently. The global structure of AWS contains four important components, as shown in the figure below.

Regions and Availability Zones (AZs)

AWS divides the world into geographic regions, each consisting of multiple Availability Zones. Regions are isolated from one another and are designed to provide low-latency access to AWS services for customers in specific geographic areas. AWS currently offers regions of North America, South America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia Pacific, Australia, and New Zealand, and it is expanding. Each region is connected to the other through a high bandwidth, fully redundant network.

Each region consists of two or more availability zones. An Availability Zone within the region has data centers with redundant power sources and networks. The distance of each availability zone from the other is such that they are distant enough to be fault tolerant and close enough to replicate with millisecond latency.

Points of Presence and regional edge caches

Points of Presence (PoP), also known as edge locations, are located in major cities worldwide. AWS uses these edge locations to cache content, reducing latency and improving performance for end-users. PoPs are connected to the AWS regions through the AWS network backbone and are isolated from one another.

If the data is not accessed frequently enough to be stored on a PoP, it is stored on a regional edge cache. The regional edge cache has more capacity than the individual PoP. It lies in the middle of the origin server and a PoP and stores content that has become less popular over a period of time.

The global infrastructure has been designed to ensure high availability and resilient applications. It is recommended that while choosing the regions and availability zones, consider factors like proximity to users, data redundancy, cost optimization, and service availability.